Gurmukhi script consists of 40 characters with 3 of them being the prime vowels (o, a, e) that can be transformed into more vowels with the help of the special vowel signs.
LEFT: Punjabi vowels and their sounds RIGHT: Punjabi vowels used with the character “sa” | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Punjabi vowels have two forms: independent and dependent. The vowels that are written on the left side in the chart above are independent vowels. That means that they are written in their original, full and pure form. Independent vowels are written when on their own or when they go after or before other vowels or several vowels join together. For example:
ਪਿਆਰ - piaar - love
ਆਉਣਾ - aaunaa - to come
ਕਿਉਂ - kiun - why?
Dependent vowels are vowels that follow or precede consonants. They are written in the form of vowel signs, such as dots, vertical lines or half-moons and always go with the consonant. These are the majority of all Punjabi words.
ਸੂਰਜ - sooraj - sun
ਪੁ੍ੱਤਰ - puttar - son
ਬਰਸਾਤ - barsaat - rainy season
In this picture you can see Punjabi independent vowels in their full form and dependent vowels in the form of vowel signs. The green circle is a consonant. The vowel signs are placed the way it would be placed around a consonant in Punjabi words.
ਪਿਆਰ - piaar - love
ਆਉਣਾ - aaunaa - to come
ਕਿਉਂ - kiun - why?
Dependent vowels are vowels that follow or precede consonants. They are written in the form of vowel signs, such as dots, vertical lines or half-moons and always go with the consonant. These are the majority of all Punjabi words.
ਸੂਰਜ - sooraj - sun
ਪੁ੍ੱਤਰ - puttar - son
ਬਰਸਾਤ - barsaat - rainy season
In this picture you can see Punjabi independent vowels in their full form and dependent vowels in the form of vowel signs. The green circle is a consonant. The vowel signs are placed the way it would be placed around a consonant in Punjabi words.
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| Independent and dependent Gurmukhi vowel forms |
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